{"id":4334,"date":"2024-12-11T10:59:42","date_gmt":"2024-12-11T09:59:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bernsteinstrasse-burgenland.at\/?page_id=4334"},"modified":"2025-02-27T13:39:06","modified_gmt":"2025-02-27T12:39:06","slug":"a-borostyanko-ut-az-adriai-tengertol-a-duna-videkig","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bernsteinstrasse-burgenland.at\/hu\/a-borostyanko-ut-az-adriai-tengertol-a-duna-videkig\/","title":{"rendered":"A Borosty\u00e1nk\u0151 \u00dat az Adriai-tengert\u0151l a Duna-vid\u00e9kig"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Kr.e. 15-ben a keltai Norikum kir\u00e1lys\u00e1got, n\u00e9gy \u00e9vvel k\u00e9s\u0151bb pedig a Pann\u00f3ni\u00e1ban \u00e9l\u0151 egyes\u00edtetlen vad t\u00f6rzseket R\u00f3ma annekt\u00e1lta. A r\u00f3mai megsz\u00e1ll\u00f3 hatalom jelent\u0151s vesztes\u00e9geket szenvedett el ny\u00edlt \u00e9s rejtett ellen\u00e1ll\u00e1sa miatt, ez\u00e9rt csak t\u00f6bb, mint k\u00e9t \u00e9vtizeddel k\u00e9s\u0151bb, Kr.u. 9-ben kezd\u0151dhetett meg Pann\u00f3nia tartom\u00e1ny megalak\u00edt\u00e1sa. A Duna ment\u00e9n a \u201elimes\u201d er\u0151s v\u00e9delmi l\u00e9tes\u00edtm\u00e9nyk\u00e9nt \u00e9p\u00fclt, \u00e9s Augustus \u00e9s Tiberius cs\u00e1sz\u00e1rok (Kr.u. 14-t\u0151l 37-ig) alatt t\u00e9len is haszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3 \u00fath\u00e1l\u00f3zatot alak\u00edtottak ki Aquileia (fels\u0151 Adria) \u00e9s Carnuntum (Duna) k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Ez az \u00fat Emona (Ljubljana\/Laibach), Celeia (Celje\/Cilli), Poetovio (Ptuj\/Pettau), Savaria (Szombathely\/Steinamanger) \u00e9s Scarbantia (Sopron\/\u00d6denburg) \u00e9rint\u00e9s\u00e9vel vezetett a Duna-menti Carnuntumba (Petronell\/Deutsch Altenburg). a Borosty\u00e1nk\u0151 \u00dat Strebersdorf\/R\u00e9pcemicske \u00e9s a Sopron el\u0151tti magyar hat\u00e1r k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a mai K\u00f6z\u00e9p-Burgenlandon is \u00e1thaladt. Ez a t\u00e1vols\u00e1gi \u00f6sszek\u00f6ttet\u00e9s, amelyet az el\u0151z\u0151 sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l Borosty\u00e1nk\u0151 \u00datnak neveznek, a R\u00f3mai Birodalom sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra fontos kereskedelmi, katonai \u00e9s posta\u00fatt\u00e1 fejl\u0151d\u00f6tt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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<\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span>Tov\u00e1bbi olvasm\u00e1ny ...<\/span><\/i><\/div>

A Borosty\u00e1nk\u0151 \u00dat vonala egy \u0151si kereskedelmi \u00fatvonalat k\u00f6vet, amelyet m\u00e1r a korai bronzkor \u00f3ta haszn\u00e1ltak, t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r \u00fajra terveztek, valamint m\u00e9rf\u00f6ldk\u00f6vekkel l\u00e1ttak el. \u00cdgy t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt ez Hadrianus cs\u00e1sz\u00e1r uralkod\u00e1sa alatt, Kr.u. 132-ben, majd k\u00e9s\u0151bb Volusianus cs\u00e1sz\u00e1r alatt (251-253 k\u00f6z\u00f6tt) is. Jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge a Balti-tenger \u00e9s az Adria k\u00f6z\u00f6tti \u00e9szak-d\u00e9li k\u00f6zleked\u00e9si kapcsolatk\u00e9nt \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edthat\u00f3 a mai aut\u00f3p\u00e1ly\u00e1kkal (EU-transzverz\u00e1lis). Sz\u00e1mos aktu\u00e1lis k\u00f6zleked\u00e9si \u00fatvonal (\u00fati \u00e9s vas\u00fati projektek) \u00fajratervez\u00e9se Eur\u00f3p\u00e1ban (pl. A3 aut\u00f3p\u00e1lya, D\u00e9lkeleti \u00f6sszek\u00f6t\u0151) a R\u00f3mai Borosty\u00e1nk\u0151 \u00dat mint\u00e1j\u00e1ra val\u00f3sul meg. Augustus cs\u00e1sz\u00e1r enged\u00e9lyezte a h\u00e1g\u00f3t a J\u00faliai-Alpokon (Birnbaumer Sattel\/Birnbaumer Wald) kereszt\u00fcl. Tiberius alatt Emona\/Laibach \u00e9s a Duna k\u00f6z\u00f6tti szakasz katonai \u00fatk\u00e9nt val\u00f3 ki\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9se t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt, z\u00fazott k\u00f6vekkel bor\u00edtott t\u00f6lt\u00e9sekkel, \u00fat\u00e1rokkal, fa- \u00e9s k\u0151hidakkal, valamint r\u00e9szben m\u00e9szk\u0151be v\u00e1jt kerekekkel. A Borosty\u00e1nk\u0151 \u00dat egy via publica volt, egy birodalmi \u00e9s posta\u00fat, valamint katonai \u00e9s kereskedelmi \u00fatvonal. A katonai t\u00e1borokb\u00f3l kialakult v\u00e1rosok k\u00f6z\u00f6tt \u00fat\u00e1llom\u00e1sok (mansiones, mutationes) alakultak ki, amelyek fogad\u00f3k \u00e9s l\u00f3v\u00e1lt\u00f3 \u00e1llom\u00e1sok voltak a cs\u00e1sz\u00e1ri posta (cursus publicus) sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. Az \u00fat\u00e1llom\u00e1sokat, v\u00e1rosokat, fontos foly\u00f3\u00e1tkel\u0151ket \u00e9s hegyi h\u00e1g\u00f3kat t\u00e9rk\u00e9peken \u00e9s \u00fatik\u00f6nyvekben jegyezt\u00e9k fel. A legismertebb \u00f3kori \u00fatik\u00e1rtya a tabula peutingeriana, amely az Osztr\u00e1k Nemzeti K\u00f6nyvt\u00e1rban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3.<\/p>

\"Verein<\/a>

A Tabula Peutingeriana r\u00e9szlete
Forr\u00e1s: Osztr\u00e1k Nemzeti K\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r, K\u00e9ziratgy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny Cod. 324<\/p><\/div>

A Borosty\u00e1n\u00fat elnevez\u00e9s nem \u0151si, hanem a m\u00falt sz\u00e1zadra ny\u00falik vissza Id\u0151sebb Plinius r\u00f3mai \u00edr\u00f3 besz\u00e1mol\u00f3ja alapj\u00e1n, aki arr\u00f3l \u00edr, hogy ezen az \u00fatvonalon sz\u00e1ll\u00edtott\u00e1k a borosty\u00e1nt a balti partvid\u00e9kr\u0151l Carnuntumon kereszt\u00fcl Aquile\u00e1ba, a borosty\u00e1nkereskedelem k\u00f6zpontj\u00e1ba. Besz\u00e1mol tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 arr\u00f3l, hogy a germ\u00e1n part, ahol a borosty\u00e1nt gy\u0171jtik, 600 m\u00e9rf\u00f6ldre (880 km) van Carnuntumt\u00f3l.<\/p>

A borosty\u00e1n, a \u201eBalti-tenger aranya\u201d, egy megk\u00f6vesedett, m\u00e9zs\u00e1rg\u00e1t\u00f3l v\u00f6r\u00f6sesbarn\u00e1ig ar\u00e1nyl\u00f3 gyanta, amely 25 \u00e9s 50 milli\u00f3 \u00e9v k\u00f6z\u00f6tti. T\u0171level\u0171 f\u00e1k gyant\u00e1j\u00e1b\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmazik, amelyek v\u00edzen, j\u00e9gen \u00e9s hull\u00e1mv\u00f6lgy\u00f6n kereszt\u00fcl az \u00fcled\u00e9k m\u00e9ly r\u00e9tegeibe s\u00fcllyedtek, ahol homok, por, \u00faj k\u0151zet- vagy v\u00edzr\u00e9tegek bor\u00edtott\u00e1k be \u0151ket, \u00e9s a leveg\u0151 \u00e9s a nyom\u00e1s kiz\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1val borosty\u00e1nsz\u00edn\u0171v\u00e9 v\u00e1ltak. A leletek gyakran mutatnak \u0151skori rovarok vagy n\u00f6v\u00e9nyek z\u00e1rv\u00e1nyait. A borosty\u00e1n \u00e9kszerk\u00e9nt (med\u00e1lok, nyakl\u00e1ncok, gy\u0171r\u0171k, kis figur\u00e1k stb.) a Kr.e. 3. \u00e9vezred \u00f3ta n\u00e9pszer\u0171, \u00e9s dr\u00e1ga ruha\u00e9kszerk\u00e9nt is nagyon keresett volt a korai cs\u00e1sz\u00e1rkori R\u00f3m\u00e1ban. A borosty\u00e1nt m\u00e1gi\u00e1ban \u00e9s gy\u00f3gy\u00edt\u00e1sban, valamint t\u00f6mj\u00e9nez\u00e9sben is haszn\u00e1lt\u00e1k.<\/p>

Kiterjedt kereskedelem m\u00e1r a bronzkorban (i.e. 2000-800) folyt. A r\u00f3mai korban Carnuntum \u00e9s Aquileia a borosty\u00e1nkereskedelem k\u00f6zpontj\u00e1v\u00e1 fejl\u0151d\u00f6tt. Augustus cs\u00e1sz\u00e1r idej\u00e9ben (i. e. 27-14) a borosty\u00e1nt a Balti-tenger partj\u00e1r\u00f3l a germ\u00e1n r\u00e9gi\u00f3n kereszt\u00fcl Carnuntumba, valamint a r\u00f3mai borosty\u00e1nk\u0151-\u00fat ment\u00e9n az Adriai-tenger fels\u0151 r\u00e9sz\u00e9n fekv\u0151 Aquilei\u00e1ba sz\u00e1ll\u00edtott\u00e1k tov\u00e1bbi feldolgoz\u00e1s c\u00e9lj\u00e1b\u00f3l. Borosty\u00e1nf\u00e9nyez\u0151 m\u0171helyek m\u0171k\u00f6dtek Carnuntumban \u00e9s Aquilei\u00e1ban. Carnuntum t\u00e9rs\u00e9g\u00e9ben a Borosty\u00e1nk\u0151 \u00fat, mint t\u00e1vols\u00e1gi kereskedelmi \u00fatvonal keresztezte a Dun\u00e1t, \u00edgy Carnuntum fontos kereskedelmi k\u00f6zpontt\u00e1 v\u00e1lt.<\/p>

A Borosty\u00e1nk\u0151 \u00fat nem egy aszfaltozott \u00fat volt a Dun\u00e1t\u00f3l \u00e9szakra, hanem a Balti-tengert\u0151l d\u00e9lre vezet\u0151 \u00fatvonalk\u00f6teg. Az egyik legfrekvent\u00e1ltabb kereskedelmi \u00fatvonal a Visztul\u00e1n \u00e1t a Morva-kapuig vezetett, majd a Morva\/March foly\u00f3t k\u00f6vette a Duna torkolat\u00e1ig. Az \u00fatvonal k\u00f6z\u00e9p-burgenlandi szakasz\u00e1r\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen sz\u00e9p borosty\u00e1n \u00e9kszer a Burgenlandi Tartom\u00e1nyi M\u00fazeumban l\u00e1that\u00f3.<\/p>

\"R\u00f6mische<\/a>

Mesebeli l\u00e9ny farkasfejjel \u00e9s halfarokkal, mint borosty\u00e1n \u00e9kszer (r\u00f3mai, 2. sz\u00e1zad, tal\u00e1lva Girmben\/K\u00fcll\u0151-n)<\/p><\/div>

D\u00e9lre a Dun\u00e1t\u00f3l a Borosty\u00e1n\u00fat be volt vonva a r\u00f3mai \u00fath\u00e1l\u00f3zatba, \u00e9s Als\u00f3-Ausztri\u00e1n, \u00c9szak- \u00e9s K\u00f6z\u00e9p-Burgenlandon, Nyugat-Magyarorsz\u00e1gon \u00e9s Szlov\u00e9ni\u00e1n kereszt\u00fcl vezetett \u00c9szak-Olaszorsz\u00e1gba, a fontos aquileiai (Grado) kik\u00f6t\u0151h\u00f6z. Az \u00f6sszes, a Borosty\u00e1n\u00faton sz\u00e1ll\u00edtott \u00e1ru (vas, bor, ker\u00e1mia, \u00fcveg) k\u00f6z\u00fcl a nyers borosty\u00e1nnak volt a legkisebb r\u00e9szesed\u00e9se. Ennek ellen\u00e9re ez a keresett \u00e9kszerk\u0151 ut\u00e1n nevezt\u00e9k el az eg\u00e9sz kereskedelmi \u00fatvonalat.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>

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<\/i><\/span><\/i><\/span>Irodalmi forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s internetes hivatkoz\u00e1sok <\/span><\/i><\/div>

August, Ernst: Geschichte des Burgenlandes\/Burgenland T\u00f6rt\u00e9nete, Verlag f\u00fcr Geschichte und Politik, B\u00e9cs 1987, \u00e9s 11 \u2013 19.<\/p>

Gruber, Andreas: 25 Jahre Verein zur Erhaltung der Bernsteinstra\u00dfe\/25 \u00e9ve Egyes\u00fclet a Borosty\u00e1n\u00fat fenntart\u00e1s\u00e1\u00e9rt 1989 \u2013 2014, Festschrift zum 25-j\u00e4hrigen Jubil\u00e4um\/\u00dcnnepi kiadv\u00e1ny a 25 \u00e9ves jubileum alkalm\u00e1b\u00f3l, 11. o. \u00e9s 28f. o.<\/p>

Gruber, Oswald, 25 \u00e9ves a Verein zur Erhaltung der Bernsteinstra\u00dfe 1989 \u2013 2014\/25 \u00e9ve Egyes\u00fclet a Borosty\u00e1n\u00fat fenntart\u00e1s\u00e1\u00e9rt 1989 \u2013 2014, \u00dcnnepi kiadv\u00e1ny a 25 \u00e9ves \u00e9vfordul\u00f3 alkalm\u00e1b\u00f3l.<\/p>

Kaus, Karl: A r\u00f3mai borosty\u00e1n\u00fat Carnuntum \u2013 Aquilea. Kir\u00e1ndul\u00e1si \u00fatmutat\u00f3, a P\u00e4dagogisches Institut Burgenland Allgemeinbildende H\u00f6here Schule 2\/1999 kiadv\u00e1nysorozata. Kismarton\/Eisenstadt, 1999.<\/p>

Landesmuseum Burgenland\/Burgenlandi Tartom\u00e1nyi M\u00fazeum: A borosty\u00e1n\u00fat. Egy kereskedelmi \u00fatvonal fejl\u0151d\u00e9se. Burgenlandi tudom\u00e1nyos munk\u00e1k (WAB), 123. sz\u00e1m. Kismarton\/Eisenstadt 2008.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kr.e. 15-ben a keltai Norikum kir\u00e1lys\u00e1got, n\u00e9gy \u00e9vvel k\u00e9s\u0151bb pedig a Pann\u00f3ni\u00e1ban \u00e9l\u0151 egyes\u00edtetlen vad t\u00f6rzseket R\u00f3ma annekt\u00e1lta. A r\u00f3mai<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4334","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nA Borosty\u00e1nk\u0151 \u00dat az Adriai-tengert\u0151l a Duna-vid\u00e9kig - Bernsteinstra\u00dfe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bernsteinstrasse-burgenland.at\/hu\/a-borostyanko-ut-az-adriai-tengertol-a-duna-videkig\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hu_HU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Borosty\u00e1nk\u0151 \u00dat az Adriai-tengert\u0151l a Duna-vid\u00e9kig - Bernsteinstra\u00dfe\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kr.e. 15-ben a keltai Norikum kir\u00e1lys\u00e1got, n\u00e9gy \u00e9vvel k\u00e9s\u0151bb pedig a Pann\u00f3ni\u00e1ban \u00e9l\u0151 egyes\u00edtetlen vad t\u00f6rzseket R\u00f3ma annekt\u00e1lta. 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